Treating Helicobacter pylori Infection with Rifasutenizol
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Reviewed & Translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on April 13th, 2026
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Helicobacter pylori infection is the most common cause of chronic gastritis that can result in ulceration and gastric cancer. Current treatment regimen composed of antibiotics and acid-suppressing agents. However, due to the increased frequency of antimicrobial resistance, new treatment options are urgently needed. A study, recently published in the Lancet, had explored the usage of rifasutenizol to treat Helicobacter pylori infection.
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Comparing Voriconazole and Itraconazole in Treating Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis
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Reviewed & Translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on April 10th, 2026
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Chronic pulmonary infection with the Aspergillus fumigatus fungus imposes a heavy burden in developing tropical nations like Vietnam and India. The condition is treatable with a 6 to 12 month regimen of oral azole antifungal. Voriconazole is favored due to its high bioavailability, but itraconazole is also viable due to its affordability and better safety profile. To better understand what would be the optimal treatment option, a study was conducted to compare voriconazole to itraconazole in treating chronic pulmonary aspergillosis.
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Supplementation of Vitamin D3 and Calcium Carbonate to Improve Bone Density Development of Adolescent Living with HIV
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Reviewed & Translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on April 3rd, 2026
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With the mass adoption of antiretroviral therapy in developing nations, the mortality rate in adolescents due to HIV infection had significantly decreased. However, adolescents affected HIV still experience detrimental suppression of musculoskeletal growth and development. A study, recently published in the Lancet, had examined the usage of calcium carbonate and vitamin D supplementation to enhance bone health in adolescents living with HIV.
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Effectiveness of Cefiderocol in Treating Bloodstream Infection
Topic: INFECTIOUS DISEASE
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Reviewed & Translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on March 27th, 2026
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Globally, bloodstream infection is a major concern and it imposes a heavy burden on the healthcare system. More alarmingly, with the development and proliferation of antimicrobial resistance bacteria, it has become significantly more challenging to treat these infections. Cefiderocol is a new antibiotic that has been approved to be used in the United States and Europe in 2020. A study that inspected its usage to treat bloodborne infection had recently been published in the Lancet journal.
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Treating Human Monkeypox Viral Infection with Tecovirimat
Topic: INFECTIOUS DISEASE
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Reviewed & Translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on March 23rd, 2026
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In recent years, the human monkeypox virus has posed a significant public health challenge. Being a relative of the eliminated smallpox virus, there had been interest in utilizing smallpox therapy for monkeypox. A study recently published in the New England Journal of Medicine that tested the effectiveness of tecovirimat in treating human monkeypox virus infection.
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Managing Chronic Hepatitis D Infection with Tobevibart & Elebsiran
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Reviewed & Translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on March 4th, 2026
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While not as frequently discussed, Hepatitis D viral infection is a severe chronic condition that can significantly increase the risk of cirrhosis and eventual hepatocellular carcinoma. The infection can be managed with bulevirtide. However, bulevirtide usage is troublesome due to the need of daily subcutaneous injections. Plus, patients have a high risk of relapse of treatment stop. Due to a need for a new therapy, a study was performed to explore the usage of tobevibart plus elebsiran to manage hepatitis D infection.
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RSV Vaccine Effectiveness at Reducing Hospitalization in the Elderly
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Reviewed & Translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on February 11th, 2026
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Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection has become more prevalent in the recent years post pandemic. For elderly patients, these RSV infections can lead to fatal outcomes. There exists a vaccine to prevent RSV infection, and it has been proven to be highly effective at preventing RSV-related lower respiratory tract. To further explore the benefit of this vaccine, a study was conducted to investigate its ability to prevent hospitalization in the elderly.
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Treating Tuberculosis Meningitis with High-Dose Oral Rifampin
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Reviewed & Translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on January 30th, 2026
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Treating tuberculosis meningitis is challenging due to the complicated medical regimen, the increased prevalence of resistance, and the medication inability to penetrate into the cerebrospinal fluid. This resulted in a lower clinical outcome and a high mortality rate in patients with HIV comorbidity. A study funded by the U.K. Medical Research Council, was conducted to assess the usage of a high-dose rifampin regimen to treat tuberculosis meningitis.
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Usage of One HPV Vaccine Dose in Resource-Limited Settings
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Reviewed & Translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on January 28th, 2026
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Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is one of the most common etiological causes of cervical cancer. Vaccination had been successful at preventing infection and lowering the disease risk. However, worldwide vaccine coverage is low; thus, the burden of cervical cancer is majorly borne by underdeveloped nations. With funding from the National Cancer Institute, a study was conducted to assess the preventative capability of a one-dose HPV vaccine schedule.
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Effectiveness of High-Dose Seasonal Influenza Vaccine in Preventing Hospitalization in Older Adults
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on January 19th, 2026
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Every flu season, vulnerable populations, such as the elderly, are the most heavily affected. For these older individuals, the vaccine effectiveness at preventing hospitalization, which is already low and varied, can be worse than the average population. With funding from Sanofi, a study was conducted to test the effectiveness of a higher dose influenza vaccine; the study has recently published its findings in the New England Journal of Medicine.
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Using Valacyclovir to Treat Early Symptomatic Alzheimer’s Disease
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on January 16th, 2026
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During the latent stage after initial site infection with herpes simplex virus HSV-1 and HSV-2, the virus can infiltrate trigeminal ganglion and migrate to the brain via retrograde axonal transport. In animal study, HSV can infect neuronal and glial cells causing accumulation of amyloid β-protein, and tau protein phosphorylation, a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease. Moreover, a postmortem study found that 90% of patients with Alzheimer’s disease had detectable HSV-1 DNA in the amyloid plaques. With funding from the United States National Institutes on Aging, a study was commissioned to examine the effectiveness of valacyclovir in treating symptomatic Alzheimer’s disease.
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Managing Community-Acquired Pneumonia with Glucocorticoids in Resource-Limited Settings
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on January 12th, 2026
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Previous studies had found that glucocorticoids can help reduce the inflammation in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. However, most of these studies were conducted in well-resourced settings and excluded chronic disease commonly found in limited resource settings such as HIV and tuberculosis. With funding from the Wellcome Trust, a study was conducted to assess the usage of glucocorticoids in treating community-acquired pneumonia in a limited resource setting.
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Novel mRNA Vaccine to Prevent Seasonal Influenza
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on December 12th, 2025
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There are currently two types of vaccines used to prevent influenza: the injectable inactivated influenza vaccine and the live attenuated influenza vaccine. Drawing on experience gained from developing the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, Pfizer has applied mRNA vaccine technology to create a new influenza vaccine. A study evaluating its safety and effectiveness was recently published in the New England Journal of Medicine.
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Novel Live Attenuated Vaccine to Prevent Salmonella Paratyphi Enteric Fever
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on November 24th, 2025
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Enteric fever caused by Salmonella enterica can be largely prevented through improved water and sanitation systems. Vaccination against the typhi serotype—the agent responsible for typhoid fever—has played a major role in reducing disease burden. However, no licensed vaccine has been available for the paratyphi serotype. With support from the United Kingdom’s Medical Research Council, researchers conducted a study to evaluate CVD 1902, a new vaccine designed to protect against Salmonella Paratyphi A.
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Compare Cefiderocol to Standard Antimicrobial Therapy in Treating Nosocomial Bloodstream Infection with Gram-Negative Bacteria
Topic: INFECTIOUS DISEASE
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on November 10th, 2025
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Hospital-acquired infections, particularly bloodstream infections, are responsible for millions of deaths each year. Mortality risk is markedly higher among patients infected with gram-negative bacteria resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents. Supported jointly by the governments of Singapore and Australia, a clinical study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of cefiderocol, a novel antibiotic, for the treatment of nosocomial bacteremia.
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Using Permethrin-Treated Cloths for Baby Wrap to Prevent Malaria
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Reviewed & Translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on October 29th, 2025
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Despite recent progress in malaria management, the disease still imposes a significant burden especially in children living in underdeveloped nations. Factors such as insecticide resistance and change in mosquito biting habit had kept transmission persistent. With funding from Doris Duke Foundation, a study was conducted to investigate the usage of permethrin-treated cloths to prevent malaria in infants.
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus Prevention with Clesrovimab
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Reviewed & Translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on October 24th, 2025
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Respiratory syncytial virus infection is the leading cause of infant hospitalization, with the disease severity highest for infants below 6 months old. Many studies had found monoclonal antibodies such as nirsevimab and palivizumab to be an effective preventive measure for RSV infection in infants. With funding from Merck, a study was conducted to investigate the usage of clesrovimab to prevent RSV infection in young children.
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Evaluating Ziresovir for the Treatment of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Infants
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Reviewed & Translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on September 24th, 2025
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Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection and hospitalization in infants and young children. Current recommendations advise vaccinating children born during, or about to enter, their first RSV season. However, vaccination is not always feasible, highlighting the need for effective antiviral therapies. To address this gap, a study funded by Shanghai Ark Biopharmaceutical investigated the use of ziresovir in treating RSV infection in young children.
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Evaluating Single-Dose Versus Multi-Dose Benzathine Penicillin G for Syphilis Treatment
Topic: INFECTIOUS DISEASE
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Reviewed & Translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on September 22nd, 2025
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Although syphilis is a manageable infection, its incidence has been rising in recent years. Current guidelines in Western countries recommend treatment with long-acting penicillin, specifically benzathine penicillin G, yet there is no clear consensus on the optimal dosing regimen. In light of recent shortages of this medication, the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases sponsored a study to compare the effectiveness of one versus three doses of benzathine penicillin G for treating syphilis.
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Nirsevimab Provides Extended Protection Against RSV-Associated Hospitalization in Infants
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Reviewed & Translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on September 15th, 2025
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Nirsevimab is a monoclonal antibody that targets the F protein used by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) to enter host cells. Earlier studies demonstrated its effectiveness in preventing hospitalization among children, but with a half-life of 71 days, it remained unclear whether protection would extend across the typical four-month RSV season. To address this question, Sanofi and AstraZeneca sponsored a study evaluating the long-term protective effect of nirsevimab.
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Infection Risk in Schizophrenia Patients Treated with Clozapine
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on September 12th, 2025
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Clozapine is an antipsychotic commonly used to manage schizophrenia. Unintentionally, the medication has an immunomodulatory effect. In vitro study has found that clozapine can reduce neutrophil count, promote interleukin-6 production, and suppress B-cell activity. Usage of the antipsychotic is also associated with a higher incidence of respiratory infection. A study, recently published in the Lancet, was performed to assess the risk of infection associated with clozapine usage.
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Mass Administration of Ivermectin to Control the Spread of Malaria
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Reviewed & Translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on August 18th, 2025
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Malaria is a widespread mosquito-borne disease that can be effectively controlled with insecticide and the usage of bed nets. However, insecticide resistance and behavior adaptation of the vector can pose significant challenges to the current public health intervention. With funding from the international organization UNITAID, a study was conducted to assess the usage of ivermectin to prevent malaria transmission.
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Assessing the Risk of Neuropsychiatric Adverse Events with Montelukast Usage in Children & Adolescents
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on July 16th, 2025
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Montelukast is widely used to manage asthma and allergic rhinitis in children and adolescents. However, recent surveillance data had found an association between montelukast usage and the frequency of neuropsychiatric adverse events. Yet, the mechanism behind this effect is not well understood, but it is hypothesized that the agent can interfere with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. With funding from the Swedish Asthma and Allergy Association, a study was conducted to assess the potential neuropsychiatric side effect of montelukast.
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Effectiveness of Live-Attenuated Chikungunya Vaccine, VAL1553
Topic: INFECTIOUS DISEASE
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on July 14th, 2025
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Chikungunya is a viral infection by the CHKV virus which is associated with arthralgia and myalgia. The virus is transmitted by the Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, which is commonly found across Asia. With funding from the pharmaceutical company Valneva Austria and the European Union, a study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of a vaccine to prevent chikungunya infection.
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Early Antiviral Therapy in Chronic Hepatitis B Shows Promise in Preventing Liver Complications
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on June 25th, 2025
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Chronic hepatitis B infection is a well-established risk factor for liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. While antiviral medications are effective in managing the disease, current treatment guidelines typically recommend delaying initiation until elevated liver enzymes are detected. However, recent observational data suggest that viremia alone may contribute to increased cancer risk, regardless of enzyme levels. In response, the Government of South Korea, in collaboration with Gilead, funded a study to evaluate the benefits of early antiviral intervention in patients with normal liver enzyme levels.
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Comparing the Ceftolozane–Tazobactam & Ceftazidime–Avibactam Combinations in Treating Multidrug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on June 23rd, 2025
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a prevalent bacterial pathogen, and infections caused by multidrug-resistant strains pose a significant clinical threat. While the antibiotic combinations ceftolozane–tazobactam and ceftazidime–avibactam have shown efficacy against resistant strains, limited data exist comparing their performance across different clinical scenarios. To address this gap and support the refinement of treatment guidelines, a study funded by Merck was conducted to evaluate their relative effectiveness.
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Sofosbuvir-Based Therapies for Children With Hepatitis C
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on June 18th, 2025
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Hepatitis C treatments that are effective in adults—such as pegylated interferon and ribavirin—have been associated with developmental complications in pediatric populations. Although the World Health Organization recommends the use antiviral, the long-term safety of these therapies in children remains uncertain. To address this gap, a study funded by Gilead Sciences was conducted to evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of sofosbuvir in children.
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Nirsevimab Demonstrates Durable Efficacy in Preventing RSV-Related Hospitalizations in Children
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on June 16th, 2025
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Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants. Nirsevimab, a monoclonal antibody that targets the RSV F protein to block viral fusion, has previously shown promise in preventing infection. A recent study funded by AstraZeneca and Sanofi has now reported on the long-term protective effects of nirsevimab.
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BCG Revaccination Fails to Prevent TB Infection in Adolescents
Topic: INFECTIOUS DISEASE
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on June 2nd, 2025
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Tuberculosis continues to pose a major public health burden in Vietnam and around the world, causing over 1 million deaths annually. Although the bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine has been used for decades to prevent infection, its protective effect diminishes over time. There has been growing interest in exploring whether revaccination with BCG could restore immunity. With support from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, a study was conducted to evaluate the impact of BCG revaccination on tuberculosis prevention.
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Baloxavir Shows Promise in Reducing Household Transmission of Influenza
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on May 19th, 2025
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While often regarded as a seasonal inconvenience for healthy adults, influenza can pose a serious, even fatal, threat to children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Each flu season typically involves the circulation of four distinct influenza strains, all of which are included in the annually updated vaccine. However, because the vaccine formulation relies on predictive modeling of which strains will dominate, its effectiveness varies from year to year and can be suboptimal. Although antivirals for influenza are available, there is limited conclusive evidence supporting their ability to reduce transmission. In pursuit of new options, Roche sponsored a study to evaluate the potential of baloxavir to lower influenza contagiousness.
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Evaluating Tecovirimat in Hospitalized Patients With Monkeypox
Topic: INFECTIOUS DISEASE
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on May 14th, 2025
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Since its global spread during the 2022 outbreak, monkeypox has been effectively controlled in most parts of the world. However, cases have continued to rise in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Currently, there is no approved specific antiviral treatment for monkeypox. In response to the growing burden, the United States National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) partnered with the Congolese Ministry of Health to investigate the efficacy of tecovirimat as a treatment for monkeypox infection.
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Efficacy of Gepotidacin Versus Nitrofurantoin for the Treatment of Lower Urinary Tract Infections
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on May 5th, 2025
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Lower urinary tract infections are extremely common, with approximately half of all women worldwide reporting at least one episode during their lifetime. Although these infections are generally manageable with antibiotics, past misuse has contributed to the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance, highlighting the need for new treatment options. Gepotidacin is a novel therapeutic agent, and GlaxoSmithKline sponsored a study to compare its effectiveness to that of nitrofurantoin in treating urinary tract infections.
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Lenacapavir Outperforms Daily Emtricitabine–Tenofovir for HIV Prevention
Topic: INFECTIOUS DISEASE
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on May 2nd, 2025
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Although the global number of new HIV infections is declining, infections among men who have sex with men and transgender women are rising. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective method to prevent HIV transmission, but it requires consistent adherence to maintain its efficacy. To explore alternative prevention strategies, a study funded by Gilead Sciences evaluated the use of lenacapavir for HIV prevention.
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Preventing Recurrent Bacterial Vaginosis by Treating Male Sexual Partners with Combined Oral and Topical Antibiotics
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on April 21st, 2025
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Bacterial vaginosis is marked by a disruption of the normal vaginal microbiota, and previous research suggests that the penile microbiome of a male partner may predict the occurrence of bacterial vaginosis in the female partner. Funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, a study was conducted to evaluate whether treating the male partner could help prevent recurrence in women.
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Comparative Efficacy of 7-Day versus 14-Day Antibiotic Regimens for Bloodstream Infections
Topic: INFECTIOUS DISEASE
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on April 16th, 2025
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Bloodstream infections can be treated with antibiotics, but there is little consensus on the optimal treatment duration. A short-term, 7-day regimen may not be sufficient to eradicate the bacteria and might lead to the selection of resistant strains, while a longer, 14-day regimen could be excessive—resulting in adverse events, secondary infections, increased resistance pressure on non-pathogens, and unnecessary resource use. To answer this question, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research sponsored a study to determine the optimal treatment duration.
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Using Lactin-V Probiotic to Prevent Recurrent Bacterial Vaginosis after Metronidazole Treatment
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on April 7th, 2025
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Bacterial vaginosis is a common condition that many women experience. Although it can be treated with antibiotics, recurrences are frequent, and if not managed effectively, the condition can lead to secondary infections and subsequent reproductive complications, imposing significant physical and emotional burdens. Funded by the United States National Institutes of Health, a study was conducted to explore the use of an intravaginal probiotic to prevent recurrent bacterial vaginosis.
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Potential Usage of Probiotic to Manage Liver Health in Patients with Hepatitis B-related Cirrhosis
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on March 19th, 2025
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Due to the close connection between the gut and the liver, changes in one can significantly impact the other. Metabolites produced by the gut microbiota are absorbed by the large intestine and eventually transported to the liver, so any imbalance in the gut can lead to the production of substances that worsen liver inflammation. A study recently published in the World Journal of Gastroenterology investigated the use of the probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei N1115 in managing liver function in patients with hepatitis-B cirrhosis.
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Compare the Efficacy of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Monotherapy versus the Entecavir plus Adefovir Disoproxil Combination in Managing Hepatitis B
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on March 12th, 2025
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Nucleotide analogue antivirals represent the most effective and convenient way to manage chronic hepatitis B infection on an outpatient basis. However, because the treatment often needs to be continued long term, the development of antiviral resistance is a concern. In cases of adefovir disoproxil resistance, a study was conducted to evaluate whether adding entecavir to the current regimen or switching to a tenofovir disoproxil fumarate monotherapy regimen would be more effective for managing chronic hepatitis B.
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Assessing the Efficacy of Combined Tenofovir and Atorvastatin Therapy in Chronic Hepatitis B
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on March 5th, 2025
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Chronic hepatitis B infection can be managed through interferon and antiviral therapies; however, no current treatment effectively eradicates the virus. During its life cycle, the hepatitis B virus incorporates a portion of the host cell membrane as it exits the cell. Since cholesterol plays a key role in determining membrane flexibility, a study was conducted to investigate whether adding a cholesterol-lowering statin to standard antiviral therapy could improve hepatitis B control.
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High- vs. Low-Dose Amoxicillin Combined with Vonoprazan for H. pylori Eradication
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on February 28th, 2025
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The combination of amoxicillin and vonoprazan has proven effective for treating and curing Helicobacter pylori infections. However, the optimal antibiotic dose remains uncertain, which is critical given its potential impact on gut microbiota. With rising concerns about antibiotic resistance, it is important to identify a dose that both eradicates the bacteria and minimizes the development of resistant strains. A study funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and recently published in The Lancet investigated the optimal dose of amoxicillin and vonoprazan in terms of efficacy, gut microbiota, and resistance.
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Early Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Usage to Prevent Mother-to-Child Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on February 14th, 2025
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Mother-to-child transmission is the most common form of hepatitis B transmission, and the risk of transmission is higher in mothers with a high viral load. This form of transmission is currently prevented by the use of immune globulin, which binds to and neutralizes the hepatitis B virus. However, the cost and storage requirements of immune globulin pose significant challenges in resource-limited areas. A study funded by Gilead was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of early tenofovir use in pregnant women with hepatitis B infection.
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Evaluating the Use of Levofloxacin to Prevent MDR Tuberculosis Transmission in Children
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on January 29th, 2025
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Young children under the age of 5 are particularly vulnerable to developing symptomatic diseases following exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In cases of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis, managing the infection becomes significantly more expensive and complex. The current approach to controlling the spread of MDR tuberculosis in young children involves household contact tracing from individuals recently diagnosed with the infection. A recent study published in the New England Journal of Medicine explored the use of levofloxacin to prevent the transmission of MDR bacteria in young children.
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Exploring the Use of Levofloxacin as a Prophylaxis to Prevent Household Transmission of Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis in Vietnam
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on January 20th, 2025
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The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria has reversed the progress made in controlling infectious diseases, making them a significant public health threat once again, with tuberculosis being one of the key concerns. Patients infected with MDR tuberculosis have lower treatment success rates and experience more severe disease compared to those with susceptible strains. Levofloxacin is one of the antibiotics used to treat MDR tuberculosis, and the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia has funded a study to investigate the use of levofloxacin as a prophylactic measure to prevent the spread of MDR tuberculosis among individuals living with infected patients.
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Treating Multibacillary Leprosy with the Alternative 8-Week Bedaquiline Monotherapy Regimen
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on January 17th, 2025
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Multibacillary leprosy is a severe skin infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae that is typically treated with a 12-month course of clofazimine, dapsone, and rifampin. While this antimicrobial regimen is effective, it is challenging due to the adverse effects of dapsone, poor adherence resulting from the long treatment duration, and the emergence of resistant strains. Bedaquiline, a diarylquinoline that inhibits mycobacterial ATP synthase, offers a potential alternative to the current regimen. A study sponsored by Janssen was conducted to explore the use of bedaquiline monotherapy as a treatment for multibacillary leprosy.
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Evaluating the Efficacy of Combining Xalnesiran with Ruzotolimod, and Peginterferon Alfa-2a in Treating Hepatitis B
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on January 15th, 2025
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The current standard treatment for hepatitis B infection involves an initial 48 weeks of pegylated interferon to trigger an antiviral immune response, followed by lifelong nucleotide/nucleoside analogue therapy. However, the 12-month cure rate is only 7%, highlighting the need for new therapies. Xalnesiran is a novel small interfering RNA that targets and inhibits the expression of the viral S protein. A study funded by Roche was conducted to explore the potential of using xalnesiran in combination with ruzotolimod, a TLR-7 agonist, as a treatment to cure hepatitis B infection.
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Comparing the Effectiveness of Reduced-Dose Pneumococcal Vaccination Schedules in Vietnam
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on January 10th, 2025
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Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common pathogen responsible for upper respiratory tract infections in young children. The infection can be prevented through vaccination, with the standard regimen consisting of 3 primary doses during early infancy or 2 primary doses within the first 6 months, followed by a booster after 9 months of age. While both vaccination schedules have proven effective, they can be costly, making it difficult for resource-limited countries to implement nationwide vaccination programs. To address this, a study funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation was conducted to compare the effectiveness of a reduced-dose vaccination program with the standard 3-dose schedule.
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Evaluating the Safety and Outcomes of Kidney Transplants from HIV-Positive Donors to HIV-Positive Recipients
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on November 29th, 2024
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Kidney transplantation is the preferred treatment for patients with end-stage renal disease, while dialysis serves as a temporary solution. However, individuals living with HIV face lower chances of receiving a kidney transplant compared to HIV-negative patients. Furthermore, HIV-positive patients undergoing dialysis are at a higher risk of death. In light of this, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases sponsored a study to explore the feasibility of transplanting kidneys from HIV-positive donors into HIV-positive recipients.
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Long-Acting Lenacapavir Shows Superior HIV Prevention Over Daily Tenofovir Due to Improved Adherence
Topic: INFECTIOUS DISEASE
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on November 15th, 2024
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The combination of emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is widely used as a preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to prevent HIV infection, with tenofovir alafenamide offering a higher cellular uptake as an alternative. However, the daily dosing requirement can lead to adherence challenges. Lenacapavir, a novel agent that targets the HIV capsid, has shown promise for PrEP with only twice-yearly subcutaneous injections. Consequently, Gilead sponsored a study to evaluate the effectiveness of lenacapavir compared to tenofovir-based regimens as PrEP for HIV prevention.
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Assessment of Ziresovir as a Treatment for RSV Infection in Hospitalized Pediatric Patients
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on November 6th, 2024
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Currently, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection can be effectively treated with monoclonal antibodies such as palivizumab and nirsevimab. However, young children who are contraindicated for antibodies, ribavirin is the only treatment approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Another possible alternative is ziresovir, an antiviral that can bind to and inhibit the F protein of RSV. Thus, Shanghai Ark Biopharmaceutical had sponsored a study to assess the efficacy of ziresovir in treating RSV infection in pediatric patients.
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Comparative Efficacy of Azithromycin Distribution Strategies on Childhood Mortality in Niger
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Reviewed & translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on Octber 11th, 2024
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To address childhood mortality in low-resource countries, the World Health Organization previously recommended biannual mass distribution of azithromycin to children aged 1 to 59 months. However, concerns over rising antimicrobial resistance led to a revised recommendation limiting the intervention to children between 1 and 11 months of age. In response, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation funded a study to assess the effectiveness of this shorter 1-11 month regimen compared to the original 1-59 month recommendation.
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Impact of Tourniquet Use on Cefazolin Efficacy in Total Knee Arthroplasty
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Reviewed & translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on September 30th, 2024
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Surgical site infections are a significant complication often seen in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. To prevent infections caused by bacterial pathogens such as Staphylococcus and Streptococcus, cefazolin is commonly administered intravenously before surgery. However, the use of a tourniquet, which helps improve bone cementing during the procedure, can restrict blood flow and potentially reduce the effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis. To investigate the impact of tourniquet application on the efficacy of antibiotics, a team of researchers from McGill University conducted a study.
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Impact of Respiratory Syncytial Virus on Cardiovascular Health in Older Adults
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Reviewed & translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on September 20th, 2024
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Previous epidemiological studies have shown that respiratory infections caused by SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza can elevate the risk of acute cardiovascular disease and mortality, particularly in older adults. While respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a frequent cause of seasonal respiratory infections, its impact on cardiovascular health has not been thoroughly investigated. To address this gap, the Centers for Disease Control funded a study to assess the risk of cardiac complications in older adults hospitalized due to RSV infection.
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Real Life Effectiveness of Nirsevimab in Preventing Bronchiolitis Associated with Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Infants
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Reviewed & translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on August 28th, 2024
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Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections, such as bronchiolitis, in children. With its extended in vivo half-life and strong neutralizing ability, Nirsevimab was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency in early 2023 for use as a pre-exposure prophylaxis against RSV. A study, recently published in the New England Journal of Medicine, evaluated the real-world effectiveness of nirsevimab in preventing hospitalizations due to RSV-associated bronchiolitis in children.
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Promising Combination Therapy for Chronic Hepatitis D: Bulevirtide and Pegylated Interferon Alpha
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Reviewed & translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on August 16th, 2024
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Recently, many European countries have approved bulevirtide for the treatment of chronic Hepatitis D infection. This medication exerts its antiviral effects by inhibiting the entry of the virus into hepatocytes through the sodium/bile acid cotransporter. Prior to the approval of bulevirtide, pegylated interferon alpha was commonly used off-label for this condition. Consequently, a study sponsored by Gilead Sciences was conducted to evaluate the combined effect of bulevirtide and pegylated interferon alpha.
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Comparing the Effectiveness of Long-Lasting Injected Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine to the Current Daily Oral Antiretroviral in Managing HIV
Topic: INFECTIOUS DISEASE
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Reviewed & translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on July 12th, 2024
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According to the current recommendations of the World Health Organization, daily oral antiretroviral therapy, which includes tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, lamivudine, and dolutegravir, is used to manage HIV infection. This method has been effective in controlling HIV in resource-poor countries, although it requires strict adherence to the medication schedule. Long-acting therapy with cabotegravir and rilpivirine has shown high efficacy in trials conducted in Europe and North America. A recent article published in The Lancet compared the effectiveness of long-acting cabotegravir and rilpivirine therapy with the standard oral therapy in managing HIV.
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Efficacy of a 9-Month Oral Treatment Regimen for Rifampicin-Resistant Tuberculosis
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Reviewed & translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on July 10th, 2024
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Vietnam is classified by the World Health Organization as a country significantly impacted by tuberculosis, with 5% of cases exhibiting multidrug resistance. Before 2019, the standard treatment for multidrug-resistant and rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis involved a 24-month course of injectable medications. In 2020, recommendations shifted to a 9-month oral regimen. A recent study published in The Lancet evaluated the efficacy of this shorter oral treatment regimen.
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Association Between Maternal Hepatitis B Infection and Congenital Heart Defects
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Reviewed & translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on June 26th, 2024
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It has been well documented that maternal infection such as rubella virus, cytomegalovirus, and coxsackievirus can increase the risk of congenital heart defects (CHD). However, there is a limited number of studies that examine the effect of Hepatitis B infection on fetal development. A study recently published in the Journal of the American Medical Association had reported on the association between maternal Hepatitis B and congenital heart defects in the offspring.
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Using monoclonal antibody targeting the conserved Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein as a prophylaxis for malaria
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on May 22nd, 2024
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Currently, the World Health Organization has issued recommendations for two types of malaria vaccines - RTS,S/AS01 and R21/ Matrix-M - for pediatric usage. In addition, chemoprophylaxis is recommended for infants and children with severe anemia. CIS43LS is a monoclonal antibody that can bind to the conserved Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein and neutralize the parasite. Previous studies had shown that CIS43LS has a high efficacy in preventing infection in adults. Thus, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease had sponsored a study to assess the efficacy of CIS43LS in preventing malaria in children.
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Exploring the Efficacy of D-Mannose in Preventing Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on May 10th, 2024
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D-mannose is a naturally occurring isomer of glucose, and it can bind to bacterial fimbriae to inhibit adherence to epithelial cells. A recent publication in the Journal of the American Medical Association explored its potential in preventing uropathogen colonization in cases of recurrent urinary tract infection.
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Effectiveness of Maternal Immunization with the RSVPreF3-Mat Vaccine in Preventing Childhood RSV Infection
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on April 15th, 2024
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Maternal immunization has proven to be an efficient strategy for shielding young children from diseases. RSVPreF3-Mat is a subunit vaccine targeting RSV that has been designed specifically for maternal administration. Its formulation comprises the RSV fusion protein in its prefusion conformation. GlaxoSmithKline, a pharmaceutical company, supported a study aimed at evaluating the efficacy of RSVPreF3-mat in preventing RSV infection among children.
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Assessing the Efficacy of Cefepime-Taniborbactam Combo in Complicated Urinary Tract Infections
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on April 1st, 2024
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Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a prevalent illness that can be successfully addressed with beta-lactam antibiotics like cefepime, a fourth-generation cephalosporin. Nonetheless, significant resistance has emerged against these antimicrobial agents, particularly in the form of beta-lactamase. Taniborbactam, a novel beta-lactamase inhibitor, has recently undergone evaluation in combination with cefepime for the treatment of UTIs in a recent study.
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The Efficacy of Butantan–Dengue Vaccine in Preventing Dengue Fever
Topic: INFECTIOUS DISEASE
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Reviewed & translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on March 18th, 2024
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To prevent dengue, there are currently 2 approved live-attenuated vaccines: Dengvaxia and Qdenga. The usage of Dengvaxia is limited to endemic regions to prevent severe infection in individuals with inadequate immunity. While Qgenda has high effectiveness, it is required to be administered in a series of 2 doses. Thus, a study was conducted to assess the efficacy of Butantan–Dengue, a single dose vaccine, to prevent dengue fever.
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Assessing Azithromycin Distribution in Routine Healthcare Visits for Infant Mortality Reduction
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on March 13th, 2024
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The World Health Organization advocates for the biannual mass distribution of azithromycin to infants under 1 year old residing in regions with elevated child mortality rates. These widespread health interventions have demonstrated a 25% reduction in mortality risk. However, implementing such large-scale programs necessitates extensive logistical coordination. Consequently, a study was conducted to evaluate whether administering azithromycin during routine visits could yield comparable outcomes.
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Effectiveness of Nirsevimab in preventing Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infection in healthy infants
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on February 19th, 2024
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Nirsevimab is a monoclonal antibody that targets the pre-fusion form of the F-protein on the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). It has gained recent approval for use in the United States and the European Union for treating lower respiratory infections caused by RSV in children. Given its extended half-life, a study has explored the potential of Nirsevimab in preventing RSV infection among healthy children.
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Post-exposure doxycycline to prevent sexually transmitted infection in women
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on February 14th, 2024
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Women bear a disproportionate burden of severe consequences from sexually transmitted infections compared to men or transgender women. With the rising incidence of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis, there has been a renewed focus on refining preventive measures. Consequently, a study was undertaken to explore the potential benefits of post-exposure doxycycline.
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Comparative Effectiveness of Recombinant FluBlok Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on February 2nd, 2024
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The conventional influenza vaccine is typically manufactured using chicken eggs, leading to potential mutations in the hemagglutinin antigen and mismatches between the vaccine and circulating viruses. Sanofi's FluBlok Quadrivalent Influenza vaccine employs a recombinant process that eliminates the need for chicken eggs, thereby reducing the likelihood of mutation-related mismatches. The findings of a study evaluating the vaccine effectiveness of the recombinant FluBlok Quadrivalent Influenza vaccine (RIV4) have recently been published in the New England Journal of Medicine.
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Effectiveness of mRNA-1345 vaccine in preventing RSV-associated lower respiratory tract disease
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on January 31st, 2024
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The existing vaccines designed to protect against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) leverage the pre-fusion glycoprotein F (preF) as the primary antigen, demonstrating their efficacy. Moderna, a pharmaceutical company, has recently employed mRNA technology, previously utilized for the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, to generate RSV protein. The results of a study evaluating the effectiveness of an RSV preF mRNA vaccine have been published in the New England Journal of Medicine.
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Examine the usage of short-course antibiotic therapy to treat pediatric urinary tract infection
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on January 15th, 2024
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Amid the escalating concern surrounding antimicrobial resistance, discussions have emerged regarding the utilization of short-course antibiotic regimens as opposed to longer ones, aiming to reduce undue selective pressure for resistant phenotypes. A recent study evaluating the effectiveness of short-course therapy for pediatric urinary tract infections has released its findings in the Journal of the American Medical Association.
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Supplementing inhaled amikacin to prevent respiratory infection in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on November 10th, 2023
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Due to the invasive nature of mechanical ventilation, it frequently increases the risk of respiratory infection that can be fatal. It is possible that antibiotic prophylaxis could be prescribed to these patients to prevent infection. Following this rationale, the French Ministry of Health had sponsored a study to assess the effectiveness of using inhaled amikacin to prevent respiratory infection in patients who were undergoing mechanical ventilation.
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Adding Vancomycin to the Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Regimen of Cefazolin for patients undergone Arthroplasty
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on November 8th, 2023
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Arthroplasty surgeries to replace or modify knee and hip joints are increasingly common as the population ages. During arthroplasty, first and second cephalosporins, such as cefazolin, are often used to prevent infections. However, with the rise of nosocomial infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), there is a need for more effective prophylaxis. To address this concern, the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council sponsored a study to assess the effectiveness of adding vancomycin to the prophylaxis regimen for patients undergoing arthroplasty surgery.
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Evaluating the Efficacy of Dexamethasone in Treating Tuberculous Meningitis in HIV-Positive Adults
Topic: INFECTIOUS DISEASE
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on October 30th, 2023
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Tuberculous meningitis poses a significant threat to individuals living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), as it is both highly prevalent and life-threatening. Previous research had established the potential clinical benefits of using dexamethasone to mitigate the cerebral inflammation induced by the tuberculosis bacteria. Consequently, a study was undertaken to assess the efficacy of dexamethasone as a treatment for tuberculous meningitis in HIV-positive adults.
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Investigating Universal Decolonization in Long-Term Care Facilities to Reduce Infection Risk
Topic: INFECTIOUS DISEASE
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on October 27th, 2023
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Residents of long-term care facilities are at a higher risk of infection due to their old age, and comorbidities. In addition, previous surveillance had shown that the prevalence of multidrug resistance organisms was 4 to 6 times higher in the nursing home setting than in hospital. Thus, a study was conducted to investigate the potential benefit of universal decolonization can reduce the risk of infection and need for hospitalization
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Comparing the effectiveness of the new 5th generation cephalosporin, ceftobiprole, to daptomycin in treating S. aureus bacteremia
Topic: INFECTIOUS DISEASE
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on October 11th, 2023
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As the rate of antimicrobial resistance increased, more cases of multidrug resistance bacteria occurred. Even last resort antibiotics such as methicillin had been nullified; thus, there is a need for new antimicrobial agents. Ceftobiprole is a 5th generation cephalosporin that can interfere with the bacteria wall-forming process. Thus, a study was conducted with the sponsorship of the US Department of Health and Human Services to assess its efficacy in treating bacteremia.
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Using long-term antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent urinary tract infection in pediatric patients with grade III, IV, and V vesicoureteral reflux
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on October 4th, 2023
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In children diagnosed with moderate-to-severe vesicoureteral reflux, continuous antibiotic therapy is a current practice aimed at lowering the risk of urinary tract infections, which can potentially progress to pyelonephritis and result in kidney scarring. Nevertheless, the prolonged use of antibiotics has the potential to disturb the child's microbiome and contribute to the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. As a result, a study was conducted to assess the advantages and potential risks associated with antibiotic prophylaxis in children diagnosed with grade III, IV, and V vesicoureteral reflux.
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Improving the cardiovascular well-being of individuals with HIV through the application of pitavastatin
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Reviewed by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A
Translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM. |
Posted on September 22nd, 2023
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Pitavastatin is used to reduce cholesterol and triglyceride levels in blood, and it can promote cardiovascular health by enhancing the synthesis of good cholesterol (HDL). Individuals living chronic HIV infection had a higher risk of cardiovascular disease; the actual nature of this association is not known. Thus, researchers conducted a study to examine the possibility of using pitavastatin to prevent cardiovascular disease in patients with HIV infection.
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Comparison of the effectiveness between tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for hepatitis B virus infection after 96-week treatment regimen
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Reviewed & translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A
Edited by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM. |
Posted on August 28th, 2023
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Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) was a new form of tenofovir which was developed to treat patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection at a lower dose than tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). Studies have shown that TAF are delivered to hepatocytes more efficiently. However, the improvement of the renal and bone safety of TAF and TDF was unknown. Thus, a study was conducted to compare the efficacy and safety of tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection.
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Immunization of expecting mothers to protect their children against Streptococcus group B infection
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Reviewed & translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A
Edited by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM. |
Posted on August 23rd, 2023
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Many history studies showed that serotype-specific anti–capsular polysaccharide (CPS) IgG in newborns correlated with a reduced risk of group B streptococcal disease. A hexavalent CPS–cross-reactive material 197 glycoconjugate vaccine (GBS6) is being developed as a maternal vaccine to prevent invasive group B streptococcus in young infants. Thus, a study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of maternal GBS6 vaccine to prevent group B Streptococcus for infants.
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Treating chronic Hepatitis D infection with bulevirtide, a bile-acid transporter inhibitor
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Reviewed & by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by An Thien Duc Le |
Posted on August 2nd, 2023
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To enter and infect hepatocytes, Hepatitis D viruses (HDV) must use the Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Thus, a person can be infected with both Hepatitis B (HBV) and Hepatitis D viruses. This co-infection increases the risk of cirrhosis and carcinoma. It is possible to suppress HBV proliferation, but there is currently no approved treatment for HDV. Besides HBsAg, HDV can use the sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) to enter liver cells. Thus, Bulevirtide, an inhibitor of NTCP, was tested for its potential clinical benefit in treating Hepatitis D infection.
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Investigating the effectiveness of the novel JYNNEOS vaccine in preventing monkeypox infection
Topic: INFECTIOUS DISEASE
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Reviewed & translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on July 24th, 2023
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In September 2022, the first case of monkeypox infection was reported in Vietnam. Worldwide, the number of cases have surpassed 100,000; thus, the development of preventive vaccines is the utmost priority. In 2019, the Food and Drug Administration in the United States had approved the usage of the JYNNEOS vaccine, and the Center of Disease Control and Prevention had sponsored a study to assess its effectiveness in preventing monkeypox.
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Assessing the effectiveness of the Meningococcal ACWYX Conjugate Vaccine in children and young adults
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Reviewed & translated by An Duc Thien Le
Edited by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM. |
Posted on July 5th, 2023
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Among the six serogroups of meningococcal (A, B, C, W, X, Y), serogroup A was identified as the primary cause of the majority of cases. However, thanks to the extensive vaccination program involving the MenACWY-D vaccine, the impact of serogroup A was effectively controlled and managed. Recently, the incidence rate is rising again due to other serogroups especially serogroup X as it is not included in the current four quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate MenACWY-D vaccine. Thus, a study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness and safety of novel pentavalent meningococcal ACWYX conjugate vaccine (NmCV-5).
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The effect of glucocorticoids in community-acquired pneumonia
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on June 28th, 2023
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The inflammation associated with pneumonia can result in gas exchange impairment and the degree of inflammation correlates with the risk of death. Glucocorticoids, such as hydrocortisone, have a strong anti-inflammatory effect. Thus, a study was conducted to investigate its effect in reducing mortality associated with community-acquired pneumonia.
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Treating Trichuris trichiura and hookworm infection with Emodepside
Topic: INFECTIOUS DISEASE
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on June 21st, 2023
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Albendazole had been used as a broad-spectrum anti-helminths with satisfactory efficacy against Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworms. However, albendazole is not very effective against Trichuris trichiura. Recent in vitro studies had shown that emodepside had exhibited great activity against soil-transmitted helminths. Thus, the European Research Council had sponsored a study to assess emodepside’s effect in treating Trichuris trichiura and hookworm infection.
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The effectiveness and safety of the RSVpreF vaccine when used in the elders
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by An Duc Thien Le |
Posted on May 15th, 2023
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RSV infection in the elderly is especially worrisome because it can be exacerbated by coexisting conditions. Currently, there has not been any vaccine approved for this demographic. The pharmaceutical company Pfizer had funded a study that investigated the effectiveness of the bivalent RSV prefusion F protein−based (RSVpreF) vaccine in preventing infection in the elderly.
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Using the RSVpreF vaccine during pregnancy to prevent RSV infection in infants
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by An Duc Thien Le |
Posted on May 10th, 2023
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Infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of death in children younger than 6 months old who live in low to middle income countries. Vaccinating the expecting mother can lead to transplacental transfer of protective antibodies, which have been effective against tetanus, pertussis, and SARS-CoV-2. Thus, a study, funded by Pfizer, was conducted to investigate whether the maternal immunization with the RSVpreF vaccine can be used to prevent illness in neonates
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Treating cryptococcal meningitis with liposomal amphotericin B
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by An Duc Thien Le |
Posted on April 26th, 2023
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Due to their immunodeficiency, HIV infected patients are more susceptible to opportunistic infections. Cryptococcal meningitis is the second leading cause of HIV-related death. The high mortality is due to either the ineffectiveness of the fluconazole or the high toxicity of the long-course amphotericin B deoxycholate. Liposomal amphotericin B can be given at a higher dose due to its lower rate of side effects. Compounded with its ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and long half-life, a study had been conducted to examine the usage of Liposomal amphotericin B antifungal combination therapy in treating cryptococcal meningitis.
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Post-exposure prophylaxis with doxycycline to prevent bacterial sexually transmitted infections
Topic: INFECTIOUS DISEASE
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on April 12th, 2023
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Bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STI) like chlamydia, syphilis, and gonorrhea can increase the susceptibility to HIV infection. Thus, it is essential to prevent and treat these STIs. Doxycycline is a low-cost antibiotic that has limited drug-to-drug interactions. Thus, the National Institute of Health had commissioned a study to investigate the possibility of using doxycycline as a post-exposure prophylaxis.
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Testing two different metronidazole treatment schedule for trichomoniasis
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A |
Posted on March 20th, 2023
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Trichomoniasis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection, and Metronidazole is the preferred treatment for trichomoniasis. However, there is a lack of consensus on what is the most appropriate dose. Thus, the National Institute of Health sponsored a study to compare the effectiveness between the one day high-dose vs. the 7-day-dose of Metronidazole in treating trichomoniasis.
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Testing the usage of a short regimen therapy to treat tuberculosis
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on March 13th, 2023
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The current regimen most commonly used to treat tuberculosis includes rifampin for 6 months. This strategy is highly effective when implemented perfectly; however, the long-term duration of the treatment limits the effectiveness in underdeveloped areas. Thus, the Singapore National Medical Research Council had conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of a shorter regimen in treating tuberculosis.
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Investigate the appropriate antibiotic therapy for severe scrub typhus
Topic: INFECTIOUS DISEASE
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on March 3rd, 2023
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Severe scrub typhus is an emerging zoonotic infection caused by the bacteria Orientia tsutsugamushi. The bacteria is spread by a mite that has been found in many regions in Southeast asia. Globally, there are approximately 1 million cases of severe scrub typhus which resulted in 150,000 deaths every year. Despite the great disease burden, there has not been any consensus about the most appropriate antibiotic. Thus, a study funded by the Wellcome Trust was conducted to compare the effectiveness of doxycycline, azithromycin, or both in treating severe scrub typhus.
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Using the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) to prevent pneumonia in the elderly population
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on February 24th, 2023
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In 2013, the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) was approved for pediatric usage in the United States. After 3 years of implementation, there was a steep decline in the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease. Thus, the vaccine was recommended for the elderly population and the surveillance study conducted since 2014 had published their findings in the Journal of the American Medical Association.
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RSVPreF3 OA, a novel vaccine to prevent respiratory syncytial virus infection
Topic: INFECTIOUS DISEASE, RESPIRATORY
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on February 20th, 2023
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Annually, many elderly people experience severe and lethal infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). There is currently no available vaccine to prevent this infection; thus, the pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline had created one that targets the F glycoprotein on RSV. This structure is essential for viral binding and cell entry, so the study theorized that the AS01E-adjuvanted RSV prefusion F protein–based candidate vaccine (RSVPreF3 OA) can be effective at preventing RSV infection.
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The effectiveness of 4CMenB vaccine in preventing invasive meningococcal disease in children
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on February 17th, 2023
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Neisseria meningitidis is the major bacterial cause behind invasive meningitis in children. The four-component protein-based meningococcal B vaccine (4CMenB) is sold by the pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline under the brand name Bexsero and has been widely used worldwide. A recent study published in the New England Journal of Medicine had published their finding on the effectiveness of the 4CMenB vaccine on preventing infection in young children.
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Repurposing antivirals indicated for HIV/AIDS to treat COVID-19
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on December 21st, 2022
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Since the start of the pandemic, there has been huge efforts in developing antivirals for SARS-CoV-2. Remdesivir, initially a treatment for Ebola, and molnupiravir, originally used for Influenza, were repurposed for COVID-19. Thus, a recent study was conducted to investigate the possibility of using antivirals indicated for HIV to treat the COVID-19.
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Bepirovirsen effectiveness and safety in treating chronic hepatitis B infection
Topic: INFECTIOUS DISEASE
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on November 28th, 2022
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Bepirovirsen is an antiviral agent created by the pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline which is being investigated for its ability to interfere with the replication cycle of the Hepatitis B virus. Being an antisense oligonucleotide, Bepirovirsen works by binding to HBV RNA and negates its interaction with other viral proteins; thus, the agent interferes with the viral life cycle. A previous phase 2a trial has shown that a 4-week therapy results in a substantial drop in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) level. The same research group had conducted a follow-up study, with a longer surveillance period, and they had recently published their findings.
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Raltegravir-based combined antiretroviral therapy and weight gain in HIV-positive pregnant women
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on November 23rd, 2022
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Reducing viral load is extremely essential for HIV-positive women who are pregnant; thus, raltegravir was recommended due to its low toxicity. Studies conducted on non-pregnant adults and adolescents had reported that the antiretroviral induce weight gain. For pregnant women, this can increase the risk of peripartum diabetes, peripartum hypertension, postpartum weight retention, etc. This can also affect the fetus by causing macrosomia, offspring obesity, which increase the likelihood of cesarean delivery. A recent study had reported on the risk of peripartum weight gain of HIV-positive pregnant women who are using raltegravir.
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The risk of Herpes Zoster infection after COVID-19 immunization
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on November 21st, 2022
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Due to the controversial nature of COVID-19 and immunization, the public has an intense interest toward its adverse events. At the same time, there has been an increase in the number of herpes zoster viral infections reported. It is uncertain if there is an actual increase in risk, or this higher rate of detection is due hypervigilance. A recent study had improved our understanding about the safety profile of the COVID-19 vaccine by analyzing its relationship with Herpes Zoster infection
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In vitro fertilization-embryo transfer does not increase the risk of mother-to-infant transmission of Hepatitis B
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on November 18th, 2022
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For in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET), maternal oocytes are retrieved and fertilized in vitro before implantation to the uterus. Thus, embryos can potentially be infected with Hepatitis B virus (HBV) carried by the infected mother. A recently published study had reported on the likelihood of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HBV in women that had become pregnant using IVF-ET.
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Monoclonal antibody nirsevimab is effective in preventing respiratory syncytial virus infection in term and late preterm infants
Topic: PEDIATRIC, INFECTIOUS DISEASE
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on October 31st, 2022
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Nirsevimab is a monoclonal antibody designed to bind to the fusion protein on the surface of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Thus, it had been approved for preventing RSV infection in preterm infants. A study sponsored by the pharmaceutical companies MedImmune/AstraZeneca and Sanofi had reported on the effectiveness of nirsevimab at preventing RSV infection in term and late preterm infants.
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The combo of Cefepime/Enmetazobactam is more effective than Piperacillin/Tazobactam at treating complicated urinary tract infection and acute pyelonephritis
Topic: ALLERGY & IMMUNOLOGY, DERMATOLOGY
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on October 7th, 2022
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To counter the high rate of resistance against β-lactam class antibiotics, β-lactamase inhibitors are usually used as a complement agent. The piperacillin/tazobactam combination is frequently used to treat serious bacterial infections such as complicated urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis. However, due to possible antibiotic resistance against these medications, new agents should be assessed for their efficacy. A recent study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association had made the comparison between the current standard therapy to the Cefepime/Enmetazobactam combo.
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Usage of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in preventing vertical transmission
Topic: INFECTIOUS DISEASE
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on September 12th, 2022
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Chronic hepatitis B infection is a public health threat to Vietnam, approximately 8% to 25% of the population is diagnosed with the disease. Vertical transmission from infected mother to infant is the most common route; thus, it is essential to reduce the viral load in pregnant women to prevent new incidence of infection. A recent review analyzed the current literature to examine the effect of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate therapy on expecting mother and infant.
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Clinical Manifestation and current epidemiology of Monkeypox
TOPIC : INFECTIOUS DISEASE
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on August 8th, 2022
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As of August 8th, 83 cases of monkeypox had been reported in 8 countries belonging to the South-East Asian & Western Pacific region. There has not been any case reported in Vietnam, but 18 cases have been reported in 3 countries participating in the ASEAN bloc: Singapore (15 cases), Thailand (2 cases), Philippines (1 case). A recent study published in the New England Journal of Medicine had reported the clinical manifestation commonly observed in monkeypox infections.
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Clinical characteristic of Langya Henipavirus infection reported in China
TOPIC : INFECTIOUS DISEASE
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Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
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Posted on August 5th, 2022
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A recent correspondence published in the New England Journal of Medicine reported that a new species of Henipavirus had been detected in China. The virus is assigned to the Langya Henipavirus (LayV) species; which belongs to the Henipavirus genus of the Paramyxoviridae family. LayV is phenotypically similar to the Mojiang Henipavirus that had previously been isolated in Southern China.
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