​

Investigate the Cardiovascular Effects of Interleukin-17 Inhibitors​

Topic: DERMATOLOGY, ​ALLERGY & IMMUNOLOGY, CARDIOLOGY
Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.  
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A 
​Posted on September 29th, 2025
Previous research suggested a possible link between interleukin-17 (IL-17) inhibitor use in psoriasis and an increased risk of major cardiovascular events, potentially due to the role of IL-17 in collagen production. By lowering IL-17 levels, therapies targeting T-helper 17 cells may destabilize atherosclerotic plaques, increasing the risk of vascular blockage. To investigate this further, a study was funded by the French Society of Dermatology to examine the cardiovascular safety of IL-17 inhibitors.

Vedolizumab for Preventing Post-Surgical Recurrence in Crohn’s Disease​

Topic: ALLERGY & IMMUNOLOGY, GASTROINTESTINAL
Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.  
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A ​​
​Posted on September 26th, 2025
Despite successful surgical resection, many patients with Crohn’s disease relapse within the first year, and no medical therapy is currently approved to prevent recurrence following surgery. Vedolizumab, already approved for Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, has been investigated for its potential use in this setting through a study funded by Takeda.

Evaluating Ziresovir for the Treatment of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Infants​

Topic: INFECTIOUS DISEASE​​, PEDIATRIC, RESPIRATORY
Reviewed & Translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
​Posted on September 24th, 2025
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection and hospitalization in infants and young children. Current recommendations advise vaccinating children born during, or about to enter, their first RSV season. However, vaccination is not always feasible, highlighting the need for effective antiviral therapies. To address this gap, a study funded by Shanghai Ark Biopharmaceutical investigated the use of ziresovir in treating RSV infection in young children.

Evaluating Single-Dose Versus Multi-Dose Benzathine Penicillin G for Syphilis Treatment

Topic: INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Reviewed & Translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
​Posted on September 22nd, 2025
Although syphilis is a manageable infection, its incidence has been rising in recent years. Current guidelines in Western countries recommend treatment with long-acting penicillin, specifically benzathine penicillin G, yet there is no clear consensus on the optimal dosing regimen. In light of recent shortages of this medication, the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases sponsored a study to compare the effectiveness of one versus three doses of benzathine penicillin G for treating syphilis.

Preventing Disease Recurrence with Cemiplimab in Patients Undergone Surgical Resection for Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma​

Topic: DERMATOLOGY, ONCOLOGY
Reviewed & Translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
​Posted on September 19th, 2025
Cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma is one of the most common forms of skin cancer, and it can easily be managed with surgical resection. In cases of recurrent disease, radiotherapy can be used, but treatment failure can still occur in certain patients. A study was funded by Sanofi & Regeneron Pharmaceuticals with the aims to explore the usage of cemiplimab in treating cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in patients with a high likelihood of relapse.

Using Elinzanetant to Manage Hot Flashes in Breast Cancer Patients Treated with Endocrine Therapy

Topic: OBGYN, ONCOLOGY
Reviewed & Translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
​Posted on September 17th, 2025
For patients with hormone receptor–positive breast cancer, endocrine therapy is typically prescribed for five to ten years. While effective, this prolonged treatment often causes vasomotor side effects, most notably hot flashes, which tend to be more severe in younger patients who have not yet experienced menopause. With funding from Bayer, a study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of elinzanetant in reducing hot flashes during breast cancer treatment.

Nirsevimab Provides Extended Protection Against RSV-Associated Hospitalization in Infants​

Topic: INFECTIOUS DISEASE​​, PEDIATRIC, RESPIRATORY
Reviewed & Translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
​Posted on September 15th, 2025
Nirsevimab is a monoclonal antibody that targets the F protein used by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) to enter host cells. Earlier studies demonstrated its effectiveness in preventing hospitalization among children, but with a half-life of 71 days, it remained unclear whether protection would extend across the typical four-month RSV season. To address this question, Sanofi and AstraZeneca sponsored a study evaluating the long-term protective effect of nirsevimab.

Infection Risk in Schizophrenia Patients Treated with Clozapine

Topic: PSYCHIATRY, INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.  
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A ​
​Posted on September 12th, 2025
Clozapine is an antipsychotic commonly used to manage schizophrenia. Unintentionally, the medication has an immunomodulatory effect. In vitro study has found that clozapine can reduce neutrophil count, promote interleukin-6 production, and suppress B-cell activity. Usage of the antipsychotic is also associated with a higher incidence of respiratory infection. A study, recently published in the Lancet, was performed to assess the risk of infection associated with clozapine usage.

Examines Darbepoetin for Neurodevelopment in Preterm Infants​

Topic: NEUROLOGY, PEDIATRIC​​​​
Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.  
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A ​
​Posted on September 10th, 2025
Preterm infants face a markedly higher risk of neurodevelopmental complications. Previous research has suggested that stimulating red blood cell production with erythropoietin may have neuroprotective effects. To further investigate this potential, a study recently published in the Journal of American Medical Association evaluated whether darbepoetin could improve neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants.

Combining Semaglutide and Cagrilintide for Weight Management​

Topic: DIABETES & ENDOCRINOLOGY
Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.  
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A ​
​Posted on September 8th, 2025
In addition to lifestyle and dietary change, obesity can also be managed with pharmacotherapy options. Semaglutide, first used for diabetes, had been implemented for weight management. With the medication yielding promising results, there had been a continuous push to explore other approaches. A study, funded by Novo Nordisk, was conducted to explore the usage of semaglutide in combination with cagrilintide to manage obesity.

Risk of Heart Failure in Pregabalin and Gabapentin Usage​

Topic: ORTHOPEDIC, CARDIOLOGY​​​
Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.  
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A ​
​Posted on September 5th, 2025
Pregabalin and gabapentin are frequently used to manage chronic pain. These gabapentinoids are preferred over opioids due to the risk of addiction development. However, these medications are associated with risk of cardiovascular side effects, but there is still a lack of thorough understanding. With funding from the United States National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, a study was conducted to assess the cardiovascular risk of pregabalin and gabapentin usage.

Treating Breast Cancer with Mutated Estrogen Receptor with Camizestrant​

Topic: ONCOLOGY
Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.  
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A ​
​Posted on September 3rd, 2025
Aromatase inhibitor and CDK 4/6 inhibitor are frequently used as first-line treatment for breast cancer tumor expressing hormone receptors. However, mutation to the estrogen receptor might interfere with the binding of the antagonist aromatase inhibitor. To circumvent this resistance mechanism, AstraZeneca funded a study that tested camizestrant, an selective estrogen-receptor degrader, as a therapy for breast cancer.

Combination Therapy of Finerenone and Empagliflozin to Manage Kidney Health in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease​

Topic: DIABETES & ENDOCRINOLOGY, UROLOGY
Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.  
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A ​
​Posted on September 1st, 2025
Sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists are frequently used in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes. The effectiveness of these monotherapy is clearly understood, but little is known about the combination effect. With funding from Bayer, a study was conducted to assess the dual usage of these medications to prevent kidney disease progression.

Investigating the Link between Marijuana Usage and Cardiovascular Disease​

Topic: CARDIOLOGY
Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.  
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A ​
​Posted on August 29th, 2025
With the usage of marijuana becoming more prevalent, it is important for healthcare professionals to understand the risk and benefits of the substance. There had been studies that linked easing anxiety, chronic pain, and others. However, there had also been others that found marijuana to increase the risk of other health conditions. To address this knowledge gap, the United States National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute had sponsored a study to investigate the association between marijuana and cardiovascular health.

Comparing the Effectiveness between Donor and Formula Milk for Preterm Infants​

Topic: OBGYN, PEDIATRIC
Reviewed & Translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
​Posted on August 27th, 2025
Maternal milk is the most valuable nutrient source for young children; however, preterm infants had difficulty with breastfeeding. Additionally, mothers who gave birth preterm may have problems with milk production. Thus, alternative methods must be utilized until maternal milk can be delivered. With funding from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, a study was conducted to compare the usage of formula milk and donor milk in preterm infants.

Treating Recurrent or Metastatic Breast Cancer with Vepdegestrant, an Estrogen Receptor Degrader​

Topic: ONCOLOGY
Reviewed & Translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
​Posted on August 25th, 2025
A majority of breast cancer tumors exhibit estrogen receptors on their surface while not having the receptor for human epidermal growth factor (HER2). To target this form of cancer, endocrine therapy is used in conjunction with CDK4/6 inhibitors, but treatment resistance poses a challenge for the management of disease progression. With funding from Pfizer, a study was conducted to examine the usage of vepdegestran in advanced breast cancer.

Treating Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer with Limertinib, a 3rd Generation EGFR Inhibitor

Topic: ONCOLOGY​​, RESPIRATORY
Reviewed & Translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
​Posted on August 22nd, 2025
Mutation to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) significantly increases the risk of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). As a result, inhibiting the EGFR signaling pathway becomes an ideal therapeutic target. EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been shown to be effective at managing NSCLC, but resistance has been shown to be an obstacle. With funding from Jiangsu Aosaikang Pharmaceutical, a study was conducted to investigate the usage of limertinib to treat non-small-cell lung cancer.

Treating Long-COVID with Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir

Topic: COVID-19
Reviewed & Translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
​Posted on August 20th, 2025
The pathogenic cause behind long COVID is poorly understood; it has been hypothesized that factors such as immune dysregulation, microbiome dysbiosis, and other factors can play a role. Viral persistence had also been suggested to be associated with long COVID. With funding from Pfizer, a study was conducted to examine whether antiviral therapy can alleviate long COVID.

Mass Administration of Ivermectin to Control the Spread of Malaria

Topic: INFECTIOUS DISEASE​​, PEDIATRIC
Reviewed & Translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
​Posted on August 18th, 2025
Malaria is a widespread mosquito-borne disease that can be effectively controlled with insecticide and the usage of bed nets. However, insecticide resistance and behavior adaptation of the vector can pose significant challenges to the current public health intervention. With funding from the international organization UNITAID, a study was conducted to assess the usage of ivermectin to prevent malaria transmission.

Tartalamab as a Second-Line Therapy for Small-Cell Lung Cancer​

Topic: ONCOLOGY​​, RESPIRATORY
Reviewed & Translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
​Posted on August 15th, 2025
Small-cell lung cancer is one of the most severe with only 5% of the patients surviving past 5 years. Platinum-based chemotherapy and PD-L1 inhibitors are the first-line therapy for the condition; however, these therapies do not significantly increase survivability. Existing second-line therapies are equally ineffective with intolerable hematological side effects. With funding from Amgen, a study was conducted to assess the usage of tarlatamab to treat small-cell lung cancer.

Treating HER2-Positive Gastric Cancer with Trastuzumab Deruxtecan​

Topic: ONCOLOGY​​, GASTROINTESTINAL
Reviewed & Translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
​Posted on August 13th, 2025
Gastric cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers in Vietnam, and it is associated with significant quality of life deterioration. Previous studies had found that between 5% and 17% of gastric cancer tumors express human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). The pharmaceutical companies Daiichi Sankyo and AstraZeneca had co-funded a study to take advantage of this new therapeutic target - using trastuzumab deruxtecan to treat gastric cancer.

Comparing the Effectiveness of Weekly Insulin Injection to Daily Injection in Managing Type 2 Diabetes

Topic: DIABETES & ENDOCRINOLOGY
Reviewed & Translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
​Posted on August 11th, 2025
For patients with type 2 diabetes, insulin injection is recommended if standard glucose-reducing agents cannot achieve effective glycemic control. Daily insulin injections pose significant challenges to patients and can reduce treatment adherence. Eli Lilly had sponsored a study to assess the feasibility of a once-weekly insulin injection to manage blood glucose level.

Post-Discharge Ondansetron for Children with Gastroenteritis

Topic: PEDIATRIC, GASTROINTESTINAL
Reviewed & Translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
​Posted on August 8th, 2025
Ondansetron is a 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonist that is frequently used to suppress nausea in children hospitalized due to acute gastroenteritis. The value of post-discharged ondansetron usage is unclear. As a result, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research funded a study to evaluate the effect of after-discharged benefit of ondansetron.

Methotrexate vs. Prednisone as the First Line Treatment for Pulmonary Sarcoidosis

Topic: ALLERGY & IMMUNOLOGY, RESPIRATORY
Reviewed & Translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
​Posted on August 6th, 2025
Prednisone is the first-line therapy to treat the inflammation associated with pulmonary sarcoidosis. However, this treatment is recommended based on dated and low quality studies. Additionally, prolonged prednisone usage is associated with significant side effects. Recently, a study funded by the Dutch Lung Foundation was conducted to evaluate the replacement of prednisone with methotrexate in treating pulmonary sarcoidosis.

Supplement Durvalumab to the Standard FLOT Chemotherapy for Resectable Gastric and Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma​

Topic: ONCOLOGY​​, GASTROINTESTINAL
Reviewed & Translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
​Posted on August 4th, 2025
Gastric and gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma is one of the most common cancers in Vietnam. Surgical resection with chemotherapy is the ideal way to treat the tumor; however, recurrence is still high. Interfering with the tumor’s immunosuppressive effect had been found to be effective at disease management. A study funded by AstraZeneca was conducted to analyze the addition of durvalumab to the standard chemotherapy to manage gastric and gastroesophageal cancer.

Adding Inavolisib to the Current Palbociclib-Fulvestrant Therapy to Treat Breast Cancer​

Topic: ONCOLOGY
Reviewed & Translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
​Posted on August 1st, 2025
Hormone receptor-positive breast cancer has a complicated pathogenesis with different pathways influencing tumorigenesis. The 3 significant markers associated with disease include estrogen receptor, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 & 6 (CDK4/6), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Of them, mutation to the latter, specifically the PIK3CA mutation is found in 40% of patients and is associated with worse prognosis. With funding from Roche, a study was conducted to investigate the addition of inavolisib to the current therapy to treat breast cancer.

Tenecteplase Thrombolysis before Thrombectomy in Patients with Ischemic Stroke​

Topic: NEUROLOGY, CARDIOLOGY​​​
Reviewed & Translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
​Posted on July 30th, 2025
Intravenous thrombolysis before endovascular thrombectomy is associated with benefit in the form of enhancing perfusion but with the increased risk of hemorrhage. Several previous studies had found inconsistent results, but most of the studies were conducted with alteplase. With funding from the Chinese government, a study was conducted to assess the usage of tenecteplase before thrombectomy for stroke patients.

Combining Albuterol and Budesonide to Prevent Asthma Exacerbation

Topic: ALLERGY & IMMUNOLOGY, RESPIRATORY
Reviewed & Translated by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.
​Posted on July 28th, 2025
Short-acting β2-agonist, such as albuterol. is frequently used to prevent and treat asthma exacerbation. However, its lack of immunomodulation property limits its effectiveness. Therefore, combining albuterol and an inhaled glucocorticoids like budesonide increases the efficacy beyond monotherapy. A study funded by AstraZeneca was conducted to analyze the combination of albuterol and budesonide to prevent exacerbation in mild asthma.

Inhibiting HDL to LDL Conversion with Obicetrapib to Manage Hypercholesterolemia​

Topic: CARDIOLOGY
Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.  
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A 
​Posted on July 23rd, 2025
High serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level had been associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular events. Treatment such as statin might not yield the needed degree of clinical improvement and dose escalation might be limited by side effects. With funding from New Amsterdam Pharma, a study was conducted to evaluate the usage of obicetrapib to manage blood cholesterol level.

Compare the Weight Reduction Effect between Semaglutide and Tirzepatide

Topic: DIABETES & ENDOCRINOLOGY
Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.  
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A 
​Posted on July 21st, 2025
Semaglutide and tirzepatide are novel treatments for diabetes, but due to their clinical benefit, have become popular options in many Western countries. Both of these medications had been associated with significant beneficial metabolic improvement such as weight reduction. A study funded by Eli Lilly recently published in the New England Journal of Medicine had compared the weight management effect between semaglutide and tirzepatide.

Combining JAK-Inhibitor Baricitinib and Narrow Band UV-B Phototherapy to Treat Vitiligo

Topic: DERMATOLOGY, ​ALLERGY & IMMUNOLOGY
Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.  
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A 
​Posted on July 18th, 2025
Vitiligo is a skin depigmentation disorder caused by melanocyte destruction by immune cells. The condition is traditionally treated with UV-B phototherapy. However, since this process is mediated by both interferon alpha produced by dendritic cells and interleukin-13 from type 2 T-cell response. Medications that interfere with this pathway, like ruxolitinib and baricitinib, can be used to manage the condition. With funding from Eli Lilly, a study was conducted to evaluate the combined effect of baricitinib and UV-B phototherapy in treating vitiligo.

Assessing the Risk of Neuropsychiatric Adverse Events with Montelukast Usage in Children & Adolescents

Topic: INFECTIOUS DISEASE​​, PEDIATRIC, RESPIRATORY
Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.  
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A 
​Posted on July 16th, 2025
Montelukast is widely used to manage asthma and allergic rhinitis in children and adolescents. However, recent surveillance data had found an association between montelukast usage and the frequency of neuropsychiatric adverse events. Yet, the mechanism behind this effect is not well understood, but it is hypothesized that the agent can interfere with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. With funding from the Swedish Asthma and Allergy Association, a study was conducted to assess the potential neuropsychiatric side effect of montelukast.

Effectiveness of Live-Attenuated Chikungunya Vaccine, VAL1553​

Topic: INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.  
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A 
​Posted on July 14th, 2025
Chikungunya is a viral infection by the CHKV virus which is associated with arthralgia and myalgia. The virus is transmitted by the Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, which is commonly found across Asia. With funding from the pharmaceutical company Valneva Austria and the European Union, a study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of a vaccine to prevent chikungunya infection.

Manage Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis with Efruxifermin​

Topic: GASTROINTESTINAL
Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.  
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A 
​Posted on July 11th, 2025
As the frequency of obesity increases in Vietnam, physicians need to prepare for a paired increase in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) cases. Beside dietary interventions and lifestyle modification, there are some viable therapies in the form of GLP-1 agonists and resmetiron; however, there is an increased need for other treatments to treat patients who cannot be treated with the remaining options. With funding from Akero Therapeutics, a study was conducted to evaluate the usage of efruxifermin to manage MASH.

Low-Sodium Salt Substitutes and Stroke Recurrence

Topic: CARDIOLOGY
Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.  
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A 
​Posted on July 9th, 2025
With the increase in the frequency of cardiovascular disorders in developing and recently developed nations, the rate of stroke has also risen. High sodium diet is a risk factor for these conditions, due to its contribution to fluid accumulation that increases blood pressure. A study was conducted with funding from the Chinese government to explore the potential of using a salt substitution in preventing stroke recurrence.

Anti-CD19 Inebilizumab in Managing Myasthenia Gravis​

Topic: ALLERGY & IMMUNOLOGY, NEUROLOGY
Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.  
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A 
​Posted on July 7th, 2025
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease in which B cells produce antibodies targeting the acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction. The disease can be managed by anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid and cholinesterase inhibitors to increase the signal duration at the neuromuscular junction. Targeting the B-cells producing autoantibody is another option with rituximab targeting the CD20 marker on B-cells. Inebilizumab is another viable option that targets another marker on B-cells. Amgen had sponsored a study to evaluate its effectiveness in managing myasthenia gravis.

Mazdutide Demonstrates Promising Weight Loss Results

Topic: DIABETES & ENDOCRINOLOGY
Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.  
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A 
​Posted on July 4th, 2025
Many developing and recently developed countries, including Vietnam, are witnessing a rising prevalence of obesity. Glucagon receptor agonists—originally designed to manage type 2 diabetes—have shown potential in supporting weight loss. One such agent, mazdutide, was evaluated for its weight management effects in a study sponsored by Innovent Biologics.

Trimethoprim–Sulfamethoxazole Fails to Prevent Adverse Birth Outcomes in Zimbabwean Trial

Topic: OBGYN, PEDIATRIC
Reviewed by Dat Tien Nguyen, B.A, ScM.  
Translated by Nhi Phuong Quynh Le, B.A 
​Posted on July 2nd, 2025
Adverse birth outcomes, such as preterm birth and low birth weight, continue to pose a major public health challenge in many low-resource settings. Maternal inflammation and infections—including bacteriuria and syphilis—have been linked to higher risks of these outcomes. Based on this association, researchers conducted a study funded by the Wellcome Trust to evaluate whether prophylactic use of trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole could reduce these risks during pregnancy.